Anthrax is a bacterial disease which affects livestock and is occasionally transmitted to humans. It occurs mainly in countries where animals are not vaccinated. Human anthrax has three forms depending on the route of infection, cutaneous (skin), gastrointestinal and inhalation. All forms of anthrax can be fatal if left untreated.
Bacterial spores can be produced and stored in a dry form for decades. In this form, they may be used in biological warfare as an aerosol. In 2001 the spores were mixed with a fine powder and posted; this has created concern that further attacks by terrorist groups are possible.
How do you catch anthrax and what are the symptoms?
Anthrax is generally transmitted to humans by handling / eating products from infected animals.
Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form. It is usually contracted when anthrax spores enter a cut or abrasion on a person's skin. An itchy bump develops into a black sore. The person may develop headaches, muscle aches, vomiting and fever.
Gastrointestinal anthrax is contracted by ingesting meat from an infected animal. Symptoms include vomiting of blood, severe diarrhoea and stomach cramps.
Inhalation / pulmonary anthrax is the rarest and most severe form of anthrax. Infection occurs when a person inhales anthrax spores. Symptoms are flu-like, but rapidly (with 3-5 days) progress to severe breathing problems and shock.
Incubation period:
A few hours to 60 days but most cases occur within the first 48 hours of exposure.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of infected tissues.
Prevention:
A vaccine is available for those people who are occupationally at risk such as abattoir workers. The vaccination is not recommended for travellers or the general public. Anthrax outbreaks are rare even in developing countries and travellers should avoid contact with untreated wool, hides and animal skins. Ensure meat is well cooked and from a safe source.
Treatment:
Antibiotic treatment is effective if it is commenced promptly (as long as new drug resistant strains have not been developed). Anthrax can be treated with a 60 day course of either ciprofloxacin 500mg twice a day or doxycycline 100mg twice a day.
Fact sheet written by:
MASTA
Fact sheet written by:
MASTA
MASTA are specialists in travel health services. Healthcare professionals can access its daily updated database of vaccine and travel health advice by registering at www.masta.org (fee applies). Travellers can search for advice and information and find a MASTA Travel Clinic at www.masta-travel-health.com
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